That is, transition metals (Ni, and to a lesser extent, Mn and Co) in the transition-metal layer of NMC622 irreversibly exchange places with Li in the Li layer of NMC622, corresponding to a loss of Li sites and a concomitant loss of Coulombic capacity. Greater than 500 cycles have been achieved in these cells employing 4 mAh/cm2 for both the initial Li metal negative and the NMC622 positive, and we find that cation mixing within the NMC622 is prevalent.

We clarify the degradation phenomena in a pouch cell that contains an insertion electrode (LizNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 or lithated NMC622) and a Li counter electrode. The results indicate that the construction cost majorly depends on the combined effect of four key parameters: Young’s modulus, recompression index, design load, and groundwater table. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate the quantitative impact of cohesive soil properties, design load, and groundwater table on the construction cost. The optimization model shows that the optimized design can reduce the construction cost by up to 44% as compared to the conventional design cost for the particular example. The optimization technique is elaborated using a design example in silty clayey soil and the results of the optimized design are compared with those of the conventional design. In that regard, the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) method is used for the optimization purpose to achieve the least construction cost of an isolated foundation along with the integration of design parameters as optimization variables. The optimization algorithm not only incorporates safety requirements in the form of ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit state (SLS) criteria but also deals with the economics simultaneously.

This study presents a cost-based optimization model for the design of isolated foundations in cohesive soils.

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